Bibliografía de
Neumonías · diagnóstico, escalas y tratamiento

[1] Metlay JP et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. ATS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:e45–e67.

[2] Jones BE et al. Diagnosis and Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia. Official ATS Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2026;212:24–44. Publicación electrónica: julio de 2025.

[3] IDSA. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Clinical Pathway. 2023.

[4] NICE. Pneumonia: diagnosis and management. NG250. 2025; modificaciones menores posteriores consultadas en 2026.

[5] Martin-Loeches I et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2023;61:2200735.

[6] Vaughn VM et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review. JAMA. 2024;332:1282–1295.

[7] Kalil AC et al. ATS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:e61–e111.

[8] Torres A et al. International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of HAP and VAP. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:1700582.

[9] Cabanillas Díez-Madroñero C et al. Nosocomial and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Open Respir Arch. 2025;7:100488.

[10] Metersky ML, Kalil AC. Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Guidelines. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2024;38:87–101.

[11] Tamma PD et al. IDSA 2026 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. 30 de julio de 2026.

[12] Rybak MJ et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious MRSA infections: revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77:835–864.

[13] Lim WS et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58:377–382.

[14] Fine MJ et al. A Prediction Rule to Identify Low-Risk Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250.

[15] Fernando SM et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1170–1179.

[16] Georgakopoulou VE et al. Atypical pneumonia (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2024;28:424.

[17] Rello J et al. Severe Legionnaires’ disease. Ann Intensive Care. 2024;14:51.

[18] Dequin PF et al. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1931–1941.

[19] Uyeki TM et al. IDSA 2018 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for Seasonal Influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:e1–e47.

[20] Simpson AJ et al. BTS clinical statement on aspiration pneumonia. Thorax. 2023;78(Suppl 1):s3–s21.

[21] Klompas M et al. Strategies to prevent VAP, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator HAP in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43:687–713.

[22] Sligl WI, Marrie TJ. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Clin. 2013;29:563–601. antibióticos.

[23] Dinh A et al. Discontinuing β-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2021;397:1195–1203.

[24] Summary for clinicians: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2026;23:1001.

[25] Pochepnia S et al. Imaging in pulmonary infections of immunocompetent adult patients. Breathe. 2024;20:230186.

[26] Fleischner Society. Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging. Radiology. 2024;310:e232558.

[27] Roberts ME et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for pleural disease. Thorax. 2023;78(Suppl 3):s1–s42. Las guías antiguas se identifican por su año y se complementan con revisiones recientes. Las escalas clásicas conservan sus estudios originales. La selección no sustituye el antibiograma ni las normas de la institución.

[28] Biciusca T et al. Host, Pathogen, and Pulmonary Anatomy in Pneumonia: An Integrated Imaging and Clinical Perspective. Diagnostics. 2026;16:1605.

[29] Chiarenza A et al. Chest imaging using signs, symbols, and naturalistic images: a practical guide for radiologists and non-radiologists. Insights Imaging. 2019;10:114.

[30] Mancò G et al. Lobar collapse: what radiologists need to know. J Med Imaging Interv Radiol. 2024;11:23.

[31] Sundaralingam A, Bedawi EO, Rahman NM. Diagnostics in Pleural Disease. Diagnostics. 2020;10:1046.

[32] Vásquez-Venegas C et al. Human-in-the-Loop: A Deep Learning Strategy in Combination with a Patient-Specific Gaussian Mixture Model Leads to the Fast Characterization of Volumetric Ground-Glass Opacity and Consolidation in the Computed Tomography Scans of COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med. 2024;13:5231.